History of Oceania /Europe /The America's /Asia /Africa /Antarctica

AD 300 Beginning of early eastern Polynesian culture
AD 500 Polynesians, originally from Southeast Asia, settle in Hawaiian Islands and Easter Island
Polynesians continue to navigate eastwards

AD 700 Easter Islanders begin to build stone platforms which form part of ceremonial enclosures
First Polynesians settle in the Cook Islands
AD 900 NEW NATIONS
First settlers from the Cook Islands, ancestors of the Maoris, reach the South Island, New Zealand
AD 1000 MONKS AND INVADERS
Maori people settle in New Zealand
Polynesians begin to build stone temples
AD 1100 First statues erected on previously constructed platforms in Easter Island
Beginnings of organized societies in Hawaiian Islands
Earliest settlements by Polynesians in Pitcairn Island
AD 1150 Maoris begin to settle in the river mouth areas in the north of the South Island, New Zealand, notably at Wairau Bar
AD 1200 CONQUEST AND PLAGUE
Tui Tonga monarchy builds coral platform for ceremonial worship on island of Tonga in South Pacific
AD 1250 Beginnings of intensive valley irrigation schemes in Hawaiian Islands
AD 1300 Hawaiian peoples start to develop class structure as a result of economic growth through agriculture
Stone temple complexes, or ÒmaraeÓ, erected on Rarotonga, Cook Islands, and on Moorea Island in the Society Islands
Huge stone statues erected on Easter Island
AD 1350 Maoris flourish in the North Island, New Zealand; first terrace-type fortifications, called ÒpaÓ, built
AD 1400 THE EXPANSION OF KNOWLEDGE
Tonga people build major ceremonial centre at Mu'a, on the largest island in the Tongatapu Group, South Pacific Ocean
Widespread cultivation of wet taro in Hawaiian islands
AD 1500 THE GREAT RULERS
A village of oval stone houses is built on Easter Island
AD 1511 Portuguese navigators begin to explore the Pacific
AD 1519-22 Ferdinand Magellan attempts voyage around the world: he navigates the Pacific, but later dies; his crew completes the voyage
AD 1525 Diego Ribeiro, official mapmaker for Spain, makes first scientific charts covering the Pacific
AD 1525 Portuguese probably visit Caroline Islands, northeast of New Guinea, and nearby Palau Islands
AD 1526 Portuguese land on Papua New Guinea
AD 1550s Maoris in both the North and South Islands of New Zealand build fortified enclosures called ÒpaÓ
AD 1567 Alvaro de Menda–a, Spanish sailor, sets sail from Callao in Peru westwards across the Pacific; he reaches the Ellice Islands and Solomon Islands, east of New Guinea; in 1569 he arrives back in Callao
AD 1595 Menda–a visits Marquesas Islands and then Nderic (Santa Cruz)
AD 1600 COMMERCE AND COLONIES
Beginning of building of ÒtupaÓ, stone towers with inner chambers, on Easter Island
In Tonga, dominant political leadership passes from Tu'i Tonga dynasty to Tu'i Konokupolu dynasty
AD 1606 Luis Vaez de Torres from Spain sails around New Guinea and reaches the straits now named after him
AD 1642-44 Abel Tasman reaches Tasmania and New Zealand
AD 1680s Statue building ends on Easter Island; resources and then population decline, and this leads to civil war
AD 1700 THE AGE OF ENQUIRY
First contact between Tahitians and Europeans; they meet in Opunohu Valley on Moorea Island
AD 1722 Dutch navigator Roggeveen reaches Samoa Islands and Easter Island in the Pacific
Mid 1700s Aboriginal culture continues to flourish
AD 1767 British Captain Samuel Wallis is the first European to reach Tahiti; six months later, French navigator Bougainville visits the islands
AD 1768-71 First of British Captain James Cook's three voyages to Pacific
AD 1770 Spanish sailors reach Easter Island
AD 1772-75 Captain Cook's second voyage to the Pacific
AD 1776-79 Cook's third voyage; on his way through the Pacific he lands in Hawaii and is clubbed, or stabbed, to death by islanders Comte la PŽrouse, French navigator, leads expedition to Pacific and northwest America; touches Japan; he is lost at sea in AD1788
AD 1787-89 Voyage of Lieutenant William Bligh in the Bounty to the Pacific to find breadfruit plants; crew mutiny and put him to sea
AD 1788 First British convicts shipped to Botany Bay, Australia
AD 1790 Bligh returns to England
AD 1793 First free British settlers reach Australia
AD 1798 Strait between mainland Australia and Tasmania navigated by Bass and Flinders
AD 1799 Major civil war in Tonga
AD 1800 INDEPENDENCE AND INDUSTRY
AD 1801-03 Matthew Flinders circumnavigates, then names, Australia; it means ÒsouthernÓ
AD 1810 Kamehameha I becomes king of all Hawaii
AD 1815 Russia tries to make landings in Hawaiian Islands
AD 1819 Pomare II establishes Society Islands' first legal code
AD 1819 Death of Kamehameha I of Hawaii; his heir, Kamehameha II, abolishes system which restricted contact between men and women
AD 1821 Protestant missionaries arrive in Cook Islands
AD 1824 Kamehameha II of Hawaii visits England and dies there
AD 1825 Dutch annexe Irian Jaya, western part of New Guinea
AD 1830 Tahitian Protestant missionaries arrive in Fiji
AD 1830 Malietoa Vaiinupo of Savai'i becomes king of Samoa
AD 1831 Charles Darwin sets out on five-year voyage to Pacific for scientific research
AD 1834 French Catholic missionaries arrive in Mangareva in Tuamotu Islands in South Pacific
AD 1837-40 Frenchman Jules Dumont d'Urville attempts to chart coast of Antarctica; from 1838-42, Lt Charles Wilkes leads US exploring expedition to Antarctica
AD 1837-40 Frenchman Jules Dumont d'Urville attempts to chart coast of Antarctica; from 1838-42, Lt Charles Wilkes leads US exploring expedition to Antarctica
AD 1840 British and Maoris in New Zealand sign Treaty of Waitangi
AD 1840 Kamehameha III begins constitutional monarchy in Hawaii; first written Hawaiian constitution
AD 1842 France annexes the Marquesas Islands and makes Tahiti protectorate
AD 1848 Hawaiian King Kamehameha III gives his people shares in the islands
AD 1850 Britain transfers some powers to the four major Australian colonies; they achieve self-government by AD 1856
AD 1851 Gold found in southeastern Australia
AD 1853 France annexes New Caledonia
AD 1854 Eureka stockade; brief miners' revolt at Ballarat
AD 1860 R O Burke and W J Wills cross Australia from south to north
AD 1860-70 Second Maori War in New Zealand
AD 1861 Gold discovered in Otago, New Zealand
AD 1864 First French convicts sent to New Caledonia
AD 1865 First Chinese labourers arrive in Hawaii
AD 1865 New Zealand seat of government transferred from Auckland to Wellington
AD 1869 Germany acquires land in Caroline Islands
AD 1870s Gold Rush in New Caledonia
AD 1871 Cakobau, most important leader of Bau, one of Fiji Islands, establishes a national monarchy in Fiji
AD 1874 Prince David Kalakaua becomes ruler of Hawaii (to 1891)
AD 1878 New Caledonian peoples rebel against French
AD 1879 Britain establishes a naval station in Samoa
AD 1880 Australia's most famous bushranger, Ned Kelly, is hanged; becomes a folk hero
AD 1880 France annexes Tahiti as a colony
AD 1885-86 Goldfields opened up in Papua New Guinea
AD 1889 Malietoa Laupepa king of Samoa; is recognized by Britain, United States, and Germany, ÒjointsupervisorsÓ of Samoa
AD 1893 Votes for women introduced in New Zealand
AD 1897 New Zealand introduces eight-hour working day; old age pensions, 1898
AD1898 United States annexes Hawaii
AD 1899 Australia and New Zealand troops sent to Boer War
AD 1900 THE WORLD GOES TO WAR
AD 1900 Phosphate-rich Ocean Island annexed by British
AD 1900 New Zealand annexes the Cook Islands
AD 1901 Britain gets control over Tonga's external relations
AD 1901 Commonwealth of Australia formed
AD 1902 Votes for women introduced in Australia
AD 1904 Fijian delegates sit in legislative council for Fiji
AD 1905 British New Guinea becomes the possession of Australia, and is named Papua
AD 1906 Britain and France rule over New Hebrides
AD 1907 New Zealand becomes a dominion
AD 1907 First elections for national assembly in Philippines
AD 1909 Creation of separate Labour party in New Zealand
AD 1910 First victory for Labor party under Andrew Fisher in Australian general election
AD 1911 Universal military training established in New Zealand
AD 1913 Wallis Islands become a French protectorate
AD 1913 Foundation of United Federation of Labour and Social Democratic party in New Zealand
AD 1915 Britain annexes Gilbert and Ellice islands
AD 1916-18 Efforts to introduce national army conscription in Australia defeated in referenda
AD 1917 Filipino National Guard organized in Philippine Islands
AD 1918 Queen Salote becomes queen of Tonga
AD 1918 Influenza epidemic kills one fifth of population of Western Samoa
AD 1919 Dry dock completed at Pearl Harbor in US territory of Hawaii
AD 1920 New Zealand given mandate over Samoa
AD 1920 Formation of a federal Country Party in Australia
AD1920 New Zealand becomes member of League of Nations
AD1921 Australia given mandate over German New Guinea
AD1927 Canberra becomes federal capital of Australia
AD 1929 Uprising of Mau people of Samoa against New Zealand government
AD 1931 Foundation of United Australia Party (UAP)
AD 1933 Australia takes control of large sector of Antarctica
AD 1935 First Labour government elected in New Zealand; many reforms follow
AD 1936 Arbitration court of New Zealand fixes basic wage for man and wife and three children
AD 1937 Formation of New Zealand National Party, in opposition to Labour Party
AD 1939 Robert Menzies becomes Australian prime minister
AD 1941 Japanese attack US fleet in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii; United States enters World War II
AD 1942 Naval victory of US fleet over Japanese fleet off Midway Island in the Pacific
AD 1940s Immigration of non-English-speaking Europeans to Australia begins to change national ethnic make-up
AD 1946 United States tests atomic bomb at Bikini Atoll in Marshall Islands; continuing US and French nuclear testing on Pacific islands causes massive resentment
AD 1959 The Antarctic Treaty limits exploitation of Antarctica
AD 1962 Western Samoa becomes independent
AD 1970 Tonga and Fiji gain independence from Britain
AD 1975 Papua New Guinea gains independence from Australia
AD 1975 Political crisis in Australia as governor-general, appointed by British monarch, controversially dismisses elected government, causing considerable resentment
Asian immigration to Australia increases sharply; it continues to be high, making Australia more multicultural
AD 1980 Australia and New Zealand go through economic recession; both develop trade links with Asia
AD 1984 New Zealand declared a nuclear-free zone; in 1985 Rainbow Warrior sunk by pro-nuclear agents
AD 1986 Treaty of Rarotonga sets up South Pacific Nuclear-Free Zone

"#Top" History of Europe:

AD14 Death of Roman emperor Augustus
AD43 Roman emperor Claudius invades Britain
AD60 - 61 Rebellion of Boudicca, queen of the Iceni, against Romans in Britain
AD64 Great Fire of Rome
AD68 - 69 Civil war in Roman empire after Emperor Nero dies
AD80 Completion of colosseum amphitheatre in Rome
AD116 - 17 Roman empire reaches its greatest extent, under Emperor Trajan (98 - 17)
AD122 - 38 Hadrian's Wall built to defend province of Britain
AD166 - 67 Roman empire devastated by plague
AD180 Death of Emperor Marcus Aurelius; end of Pax Romana
AD212 Roman citizenship formally extended to all free-born people within the empire
AD235 - 84 Long period of civil war and chaos in Roman empire
AD271 - 76 Building of Aurelian walls around Rome
AD284 - 305 Diocletian is emperor of Rome; major reforms; forms "Tetrarchy" of four emperors to rule the empire together
AD313 Christianity tolerated throughout Roman empire
AD324 Constantine becomes sole emperor (western emperor in 312)
AD330 New city of Constantinople (now Istanbul) inaugurated on site of ancient Greek city of Byzantium in European Turkey
AD360 First invasions of Europe by Huns from central Asia
AD378 Romans defeated at Adrianople by Visigoths: Emperor Valens killed
AD400 RELIGIOUS WORLDS
AD410 Aaric the Goth, king of the Germanic people, the Visigoths, sacks Rome
AD432 St. Patrick introduces Christianity to Ireland
AD445 Attila the Hun attacks western Europe
AD450 Saxons from Germany begin to invade Britain
AD451 Attila defeated at Ch_lons
AD476 Germanic invader Odoacer expels Romulus Augustus, last emperor of Rome, and takes control of the city
AD527 - 65 Reign of Justinian, Byzantine emperor; he tries to reunite the eastern and western branches of the Christian church which are bitterly divided
AD529 St. Benedict founds monastery at Monte Cassino, south of Rome
AD529 - 34 Justinian introduces codes of law
AD552 - 53 Monks smuggle silkworms to Constantinople from China; start of important Byzantine silk industry
AD563 - 97 St Columba comes from Ireland to spread Christian religion in Scotland
AD597 Mission of St. Augustine to England to convert the Anglo-Saxons to Christianity
AD600 Beginning of an important period of art and literature in Ireland
AD602 Slavic tribes begin settlement of the Balkans
AD664 Synod of Whitby in England; Roman Christianity chosen in preference to Celtic
AD670 Syrian chemist, Callinicus, invents Greek Fire, a highly inflammable liquid used by the Byzantine army in battle; first used in Battle of Cyzicus c. 673
AD675 Bulgars, nomadic people from the Russian steppes, settle in lands south of the Danube
AD715 Muslim forces conquer most of Spain; only the mountainous north, home of the Basque people, remains independent
AD732 Charles Martel , king of the Franks, defeats Muslims at Poitiers in France, stopping Muslim advance northwards
AD768 Charlemagne becomes king of the Franks
AD784 - 96 Offa , king of Mercia in central England, builds defensive dyke between England and Wales
AD787 Vikings make their first raids on the coasts of Britain
AD 800 NEW NATIONS
AD800 Pope crowns Charlemagne emperor of Rome on Christmas Day in St Peter's Church, Rome
First castles built in western Europe
AD809 - 17 War between the Byzantine empire and the Bulgars - Khan Krum of Bulgaria defeats Byzantines in 811 and kills their emperor
AD814 Death of Charlemagne
AD841 Vikings found Dublin on east coast of Ireland
AD843 Charlemagne 's Frankish empire breaks up
AD843 Kenneth /MacAlpin unites kingdom of Scotia and becomes first king of Scotland (dies c. 859)
AD844 - 78 Rule of /Rhodri Mawr , first prince of all Wales
AD860 Vikings rule at Novgorod in Russia
AD862 Vikings led by /Rurik are invited by East Slavic and Finnish tribes of north Russia to rule them
AD871 - 99 Reign of Alfred The Great of England
AD878 Alfred defeats Vikings under Gudrum at Ethandune; Treaty of Wedmore divides England between them
AD885 - 86 Vikings raid Paris in France
AD891 Monks write the history of England in Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
AD900 Magyars, nomadic people from central Asia, invade Europe
AD910 Benedictine Abbey of Cluny is founded in Burgundy, France
AD911 Rollo, Viking chief, settles in Normandy, France
AD912 - 61 Rule of Abd-al-Rahman III, Omayyad caliph of Cordoba, Spain; during his peaceful reign he develops arts and industry, such as paper-making
AD936 - 73 Reign of Otto The Great, king of Germany; he is crowned Holy Roman emperor in 962
AD937 Athelstan of England defeats large army of Scots, Irish, and Danes at Battle of Brunanburh, northern England
AD942 - 50 Record of Welsh law is written down on the orders of Hywel Dda, Prince of all Wales
AD955 Otto defeats Magyars at Battle of Lechfeld, near Augsburg, and defeats Slavs at Reichnitz
AD963 Mieszko I founds kingdom of Poland; he is succeeded by Boleslav I, who expands its territory greatly
AD976 - 1025 Reign of Basil II, Byzantine emperor who defeats Bulgarians in 1014
AD978 Vladimir becomes Grand Prince of Kiev
AD986 Eric The Red, Viking explorer, sets up a colony in Greenland
AD987 - 96 Reign of Hugh Capet, first Capetian king of France
AD989 Vladimir of Kiev chooses Orthodox Christianity as the official religion for his people
AD 1000 MONKS AND INVADERS
AD1020 Italian towns, including Rome, Florence and Venice, become city states
AD1000 - 38 Rule of Stephen, first of Arpad dynasty of Hungary; he accepts Christianity for his people
AD1014 Brian Boru, High King of all Ireland, defeats Vikings at Battle of Clontarf, but is killed after victory
AD1016 - 35 Reign of Canute, Viking king of England, Denmark, Norway and Sweden
AD1019 - 54 Yaroslav the Wise, ruler of Kiev in Russia, unifies many Russian principalities
AD1020s Boleslav I of Poland creates a powerful state
AD1034 Scotland becomes united down to present border with England
AD1035 - 66 Normandy in north of France grows powerful
AD1037 Spanish kingdoms of Castile and Le¾n unite
AD1054 Split between Catholic church of Rome and Orthodox Christian church of Byzantium
AD1066 William Duke of Normandy, defeats Harold of England at Battle of Hastings
AD1072 - 91 Norman armies conquer Sicily
AD1077 Pope Gregory expels Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV from church; Henry pleads forgiveness, but conflict between empire and Papacy continues into 12th century
AD1086 Survey of England by order of William I is recorded in Domesday Book
AD1098 Monastery founded at Citeaux in France; start of Cistercian order of monks
AD1115 - 42 French teacher Henry IV makes Paris centre of religious learning
AD1115 - 53 Career of Bernard of Clairvaux, whose abbey becomes most important monastery in Europe
AD1119 Bologna University founded in Italy; Paris University, in France, is founded in 1150
AD1124 - 53 David I rules Scotland
AD1132 - 44 St Denis Abbey, the first Gothic church, built by Abbot Suger in Paris
AD1139 - 85 Alphonso I becomes first king of Portugal
AD1152 - 90 Reign of powerful Holy Roman emperor Frederick I, called Barbarossa (red beard)
AD1154 - 89 Reign of Henry II Plantagenet of Anjou as king of England; he reforms law and government
AD1171 - 72 Henry II invades Ireland and is accepted as its lord
AD1180 - 1223 Philip II Augustus rules France, conquering Angevin lands in the west
AD1190 Teutonic Order of knights, a military society, set up in Germany to defend Christian lands in Palestine and Syria
AD 1200 CONQUEST AND PLAGUE
AD1209 St Francis of Assisi founds Franciscan religious order
AD1212 Almohads defeated by Christians at battle of Las Navas de Tolosa
AD1215 English King John seals Magna Carta, giving more power to barons
AD1240 Russian Alexander Nevsky defeats Swedes at great battle on the Neva river
AD1241 Luebeck and Hamburg form a Hansa (association) for trade and mutual protection; beginning of Hanseatic League
AD1249 University College, first college of Oxford University, England, founded
AD1254 Explorer Marco Polo born in Venice
AD1262 Iceland and Greenland come under Norwegian rule
AD1273 Rudolph I becomes first Habsburg ruler of Austria
AD1282 - 84 Edward I of England conquers Wales
AD1284 Peterhouse, first college of Cambridge University, founded in England
AD1284 Sequins coined in Venice, Italy
AD1290 Invention of spectacles in Italy
AD1291 Three Swiss cantons join together to begin struggle for independence from Habsburgs
ADAD1308 Papal court moves to Avignon; Great Schism follows
AD1314 Scots defeat English at Battle of Bannockburn
AD1337 Edward III of England claims French throne - 100 Years War (1337 - 1453) begins
AD1346 English defeat French at Battle of Cr_cy
AD1347 Bubonic plague or Black Death reaches Europe
AD1358 Jacquerie Revolt; peasant uprising north of Paris, France
AD1370 Geoffrey Chaucer writes first book, Book of the Duchess
AD1373 Treaty of Anglo-Portuguese friendship; the English and Portuguese are still allies today
AD1381 Peasants' Revolt in England led by Wat Tyler
AD1389 Christian Serbs defeated by Ottoman Turks at Kossovo in Serbia
AD1397 Kalmar Agreement unites three Scandinavian kingdoms of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
AD 1400 THE EXPANSION OF KNOWLEDGE
AD1403 Ghiberti sculpts human bodies in realistic style for bronze doors of Florence baptistry, heralding the Renaissance
AD1415 John Hus, Bohemian religious reformer, burnt at stake
AD1417 End of Great Schism in Catholic church; a single pope elected in Rome
AD1429 Joan of Arc leads French forces against occupying English army at Siege of Orlueans
AD1431 Joan of Arc is burnt at the stake by the English
AD1430 Gutenberg, a German metalworker, experiments with printing using moveable type
AD1447 Casimir IV of Poland unites Polish kingdom with Grand Duchy of Lithuania
AD1453 Ottomans besiege and capture Constantinople, ending Byzantine empire
AD1453 End of 100 Years War; English expelled from all France except Calais
AD1455 - 56 First Bible printed in Europe by Gutenberg
AD1456 Hungarians under nobleman John Hunyadi storm Belgrade and drive out Turks
AD1462 - 1505 Reign of Ivan III (the Great), Grand Prince of Muscovy
AD1466 Birth of Desiderius, Dutch scholar and leader of revival of learning in northern Europe
AD1478 - 92 Rule of Renaissance art patron, Lorenzo de' Medici
AD1479 Crowns of Aragon and Castile in Spain united under Ferdinand and Isabella
AD1480 Spanish Inquisition introduced to uncover heresy
AD1485 Henry VII becomes first Tudor king of England and Wales after defeat of last Plantagenet king Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth
AD1492 Christian Spanish capture Granada in Spain from Muslims
AD1492 Christopher Columbus lands on Bahama islands, Cuba, and Hispaniola; he is first European to reach Americas since Vikings
AD1497 - 98 Portuguese Vasco da Gama rounds Cape of Good Hope, South Africa, and sails on to India
AD1498 Italian religious reformer, Savonarola, burnt at stake
AD 1500 THE GREAT RULERS
AD1500 Black-lead pencils used in England
AD1506 - 1612 Construction of basilica of St Peter's in Rome
AD1517 Martin Luther, German scholar, publishes 95 objections to Catholic practices
AD1519 Charles, archduke of Austria (and king of Spain), elected Holy Roman emperor (retires in 1556)
AD1519 Death of Italian Renaissance artist Leonardo da Vinci
AD1527 Troops of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, sack Rome and capture Pope Clement VII
AD1534 Henry VIII of England breaks with Rome; makes himself head of English church
AD1541 - 64 Leadership of John Calvin in Geneva, Switzerland
AD1545 - 63 Council of Trent, Italy; Catholics efforts to reform
AD1547 Tsar Ivan IV "the Terrible" (reigns 1533 - 84) takes power in Russia
AD1556 - 98 Reign of Philip II of Spain
AD1558 - 1603 Reign of Elizabeth I of England
AD1559 - 84 Building of palace of Escorial outside Madrid
AD1560s - 90s French Wars of Religion: Protestant minority in conflict with Catholic majority as leading nobles struggle for power under weak Valois kings
AD1564 - 1616 Life of English playwright, William Shakespeare
AD1568 - 1648 Dutch campaign for independence from Spanish rule
AD1571 Don John of Austria smashes Ottoman fleet at Battle of Lepanto
AD1572 Massacre of St Bartholomew: 8,000 Protestants die in Paris, France
AD1572 Dutch Sea Beggars take Brill
AD1575 - 86 Stephen Batory, prince of Transylvania in Romania, is elected king of Poland
AD1577 - 80 English seaman Francis Drake sails round the world
AD1580 - 1640 Spain united with Portugal
AD1588 English fleet defeats Spanish Armada off south coast of England
AD1598 Henry IV, first Bourbon king of France, grants equal rights to Protestants
AD 1600 COMMERCE AND COLONIES
AD1605 End of Boris Godunov's reign in Russia
AD1605 Gunpowder Plot fails
AD1609 Italian Galileo Galilei confirms that the sun is the centre of the universe
AD1611 - 32 Reign of Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden
AD1613 Michael becomes tsar of Russia; Romanov dynasty begins
AD1613 - 29 Reign of Bethlen Gabor in Hungary
AD1618 - 48 30 Years War involves almost all Europe except Britain
AD1619 - 28 In London, England, William Harvey discovers the circulation of the blood
AD1624 Cardinal Richelieu becomes first minister in France
AD1625 Dutchman Hugo Grotius publishes De Jure Belli ac Pacis, which becomes the basis of international law
AD1627 - 28 Catholics besiege Huguenots in La Rochelle on western coast of France
AD1628 Petition of Right, England; parliament curtails king's powers
AD1629 - 40 British king Charles I tries to rule without parliament
AD1632 - 54 Reign of Queen Christina of Sweden
AD1640 Portugal gains independence from Spain
AD1642 - 47 Civil war in England, Scotland, and Ireland
AD1643 Italian physicist Torricelli invents the barometer
AD1643 - 1715 Reign of Louis XIV of France
AD1645 - 69 Candian War between Venice and Ottoman Turks
AD1648 Treaty of Westphalia ends 30 Years War
AD1648 - 53 The Frondes; revolts against mazarins rule in France
AD1649 Charles I of England and Scotland executed
AD1678 Imaginary "popish Plot" to overthrow Charles II of England invented by Titus Oates
AD1679 Habeas Corpus Act in England ensures no imprisonment without court appearance first
AD1682 - 1725 Reign of Peter the Great of Russia
AD1683 Turks besiege Vienna; beaten off by John Sobieski
AD1685 Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in France
AD1688 Revolution in England against James II brings William of Orange to the throne
AD1689 Formation of Grand Alliance of Habsburgs, the Dutch, and the English against France
AD1697 Treaty of Ryswick between France and Grand Alliance
AD1697 - 98 Peter I (the Great) of Russia travels through western Europe in disguise
AD1699 Treaty of Karlowitz; Habsburgs gain almost all Hungary
AD 1700 THE AGE OF ENQUIRY
AD1700s Age of Enlightenment introduces revolutionary new ideas to Europe
Agricultural Revolution begins in Britain; later spreads across Europe
AD1700 - 21 Great Northern War: Russia is victorious and replaces Sweden as the dominant power in northeastern Europe
AD1701 - 13 Much of Europe involved in War of Spanish Succession; French routed at Battle of Blenheim, 1704
AD1703 Peter the Great, Tsar of Russia, founds St Petersburg
AD1707 Act of Union unites England and Scotland
AD1712 In England, Thomas Newcomen invents a workable steam pump for use in mines
AD1712 Religious warfare in Switzerland
AD1713 - 40 Reign of King frederick william I of Prussia
AD1715 First Jacobite rising in Britain attempts to restore exiled Stuart dynasty to throne
AD1720 South Sea Bubble - financial scandal in England
AD1721 - 42 Robert Walpole is first and longest-serving British prime minister
AD1724 Peter the Great founds Russian Academy of Sciences
AD1726 - 43 Cardinal Fleury governs France peacefully
AD1733 - 35 France and Austria fight War of Polish Succession to make their candidates Polish king
AD1740 - 86 Frederick The Great rules Prussia; he greatly expands its territory and Prussia becomes a major power in Europe
AD1740 - 48 Prussia attacks Austria and drags much of Europe into War of Austria Succession
AD1741 - 61 Reign of Elizabeth I of Russia, daughter of Peter the Great; she founds Russia's first university at Moscow
AD1745 - 46 Second Jacobite rising in Britain led by Bonnie Prince Charlie attempts but fails to restore exiled Stuart dynasty to British throne
AD1750 - 77 Sebastian de Carvalho (later Marquis of Pombal) appointed foreign secretary and acts as chief minister to Joseo I of Portugal; introduces reforms
AD1754 Concordat with Vatican gives Spanish church independence from Rome
AD1755 The great Lisbon earthquake in Portugal; many thousands killed
AD1756 - 63 Seven Years War; Prussia and Britain versus France, Austria, and Russia
AD1757 Battle of Rossbach; Frederick The Great of Prussia defeats French and Austrians
AD1762 Publication of French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau's Contrat Social
AD1762 - 96 Reign of Russian empress Catherine the Great
AD1764 - 95 Reign of King Stanislas Poniatowski, the last king of Poland
AD1772 - 95 Poland is divided between Russia, Austria, and Prussia
AD1773 - 75 Emelian Pugachev leads uprising of Cossacks and peasants in Russia
AD1774 - 92 Reign of Louis XVI, king of France
AD1777 Accession of Maria as queen of Portugal; she exiles Pombal but continues his work
AD1778 War of Bavarian Succession between Prussia and Austria
AD1780 Joseph II, co-ruler of Austria with his mother Maria Theresa in 1780, becomes sole ruler on her death; ten year period of important reforms
AD1783 Russian government annexes the Crimea
AD1783 - 1801 William Pitt the Younger is prime minister of England
AD1787 - 92 Turkey fights Russia to regain the Crimea, but is defeated
AD1788 - 90 Sweden attacks Russia, but a peace treaty confirms the pre-war borders
AD1789 Outbreak of French Revolution; Paris Bastille stormed (14 July)*
AD1795 France overruns Netherlands; creates dependent Dutch republic
AD1798-99 Wolfe Tone organizes Irish revolt against English rule
AD 1800 INDEPENDENCE AND INDUSTRY
AD1800 Italian scientist Volta invents electric cell
AD1801 - 25 Reign of Tsar Alexander I of Russia
AD1804 First oil lamp made in England, designed by Frenchman Argand
AD1804 Napoleon becomes Emperor of the French
AD1805 Battles of Trafalgar (British naval victory) and Austerlitz (French army victory)
AD1806 Napoleon brings the Holy Roman empire to an end
AD1807 Britain abolishes slave trade; slavery continues until 1833
AD1808 - 14 The Peninsular War in Spain
AD1812 First tin cans produced in England for preserving food
AD1812 Napoleon reaches Moscow; is forced by partisan warfare and burning of Moscow to retreat to France
AD1813 Napoleon defeated in the "Battle of the nations", Leipzig
AD1815 Battle of Waterloo; final defeat of Napoleon
AD1815 Congress of Vienna follows defeat of Napoleon; map of Europe decided
AD1821-29 Greek War of Independence, against Turks
AD1827 Frenchman Nic_phore Ni_pce takes the first photograph
AD1827 Battle of Navarino Bay; British, French, and Russian navies destroy Turkish fleet
AD1830 Russians suppress Polish revolt
AD1830 Revolution in France
AD1830 - 31 Kingdom of Belgium is founded
AD1832 First Great Reform Bill gives more men the vote in Britain
AD1833 Abolition of slavery in British empire
AD1840 Penny postage stamp introduced in Britain; postage stamps transform postal systems
AD1841 Nationalist leader Lajos Kossuth founds Hungarian liberal reform newspaper
AD1844 First effective Factory Act in Britain
AD1847 - 48 Civil war leaves Switzerland a federal state
AD1848 Publication of the Communist Manifesto
AD1848 Year of Revolution throughout Europe
AD1850s THE RISE OF NATIONALISM
AD1851 The Great Exhibition in England
AD1852 Louis Napoleon becomes Emperor Napoleon III of the French
AD1853 - 56 Crimean War: Russia fights Turkey, Britain, France, and Sardinia
AD1860 Italian parliament meets in Turin; Garibaldi takes southern Italy; most of Italy unified
AD1861 Tsar Alexander II abolishes serfdom in Russia
AD1862 - 90 Career of Bismarck as chief minister of Germany
AD1863 - 64 Poles rebel against Russian rule
AD1866 Prussia defeats Austria at Sadowa in Seven Weeks War
AD1867 Disraeli introduces Second Reform Bill in Britain
AD1868 - 74 Gladstone is British prime minister for first time
AD1870 - 71 Franco-Prussian War; Napoleon III abdicates, Third Republic established in France (to 1940)
AD1871 Unification of Germany: Prussian king William I becomes emperor of Germany
AD1874 - 80 Disraeli's second and last government in Britain
AD1876 Turks put down Bulgarian rising with great cruelty
AD1878 Congress of Berlin ends Russo-Turkish War (1877 - 78); freedom for some Balkan countries
AD1881 Assassination of Tsar Alexander II of Russia
AD1882 Triple Alliance is formed between Germany, Austria, and Italy
AD1885 German Karl Benz is first to sell motor cars
AD1887 Bulgaria elects Ferdinand of Coburg king; it becomes leading Balkan state
AD1888 - 1918 Kaiser (Emperor) William II reigns in Germany
AD1891 - 94 Franco-Russian agreement
AD1895 In France, the Lumi_re brothers invent the film projector
AD1895 Assassination of Bulgarian prime minister Stambuloff
AD1895 Marconi invents wireless telegraphy
AD 1900 THE WORLD GOES TO WAR
AD1900 German naval law introduces 20-year building programme for a high seas fleet to compete with the British navy
AD1901 - 05 Separation of the church from the state in France
AD1901 Foundation of Russian Social Revolutionary party (Bolsheviks)
AD1903 Assassination of Alexander, king of Serbia
AD1903 - 05 Scandal breaks in Belgium over Belgian rule in Zaire
AD1904 "Entente Cordiale" between Britain and France
AD1904 - 05 Russo-Japanese War
AD1905 Revolution in Russia
AD1905 Norway breaks away from Sweden; elects King Haakon VII
AD1906 Liberal government comes to power in Britain; many reforms
AD1906 Navy arms race escalates
AD1908 Young Turk revolution
AD1908 Carlos I of Portugal assassinated
AD1908 Austria annexes Bosnia and Herzegovina
AD1908 Ferdinand I proclaimed emperor of Bulgaria
AD1910 Portuguese revolution brings about the end of the monarchy
AD1912 - 13 Balkan Wars
AD1913 Coup d'_tat of Young Turks in Turkey
AD1914 Assassination of heir to Austrian throne leads to outbreak of World War I
AD1914 Battle of the Marne
AD1914 Battle of Tannenberg between the Germans and the Russians; German victory
AD1915 Dardanelles Campaign; British try to force passage to Constantinople
AD1915 Germans start submarine campaign to blockade British Isles
AD1916 Battle of Jutland between British and German fleets; stalemate
AD1916 Easter Rising against British government in Ireland
AD1917 Russian Revolution: Liberal revolution (February); Bolshevik revolution (October)*
AD1918 Armistice ends World War I
PEACE AND WAR
AD1919 Ernest Rutherford splits atom for first time
AD1921 Lenin introduces New Economic Policy in Russia
AD1922 Irish Free State founded
AD1922 Mussolini becomes Italian prime minister; dictator from 1925
AD1923 - 30 Dictatorship of Primo de Rivera in Spain
AD1924 First British Labour party victory at a general election
AD1924 Death of Vladimir Lenin
AD1925 Locarno Agreements between major European powers aim to maintain peace and stability
AD1926 In Britain, John Logie Baird invents the television
AD1928 French begin to build fortification, the Maginot Line, on German border
AD1928 Stalin launches five-year plan to expand Soviet industry
AD1931 Republic declared in Spain after King Alfonso XIII abdicates
AD1931 Statute of Westminster makes dominions of British empire self-governing
AD1933 Nazi leader Hitler appointed German chancellor; Nazis begin organized persecution of Jews
AD1934 Mussolini meets Hitler
AD1936 Germany invades Rhineland region on French-Belgian border
AD1936 - 39 Civil War in Spain
AD1937 Eamonn de Valera becomes prime minister of Ireland (Eire)
AD1938 Hitler compels Austria to form union with Germany (the "Anschluss")
AD1938 Munich crisis: France and Britain agree to let Germany partition Czechoslovakia
AD1939 Stalin and Hitler agree to divide Poland between them
AD1939 Germany invades Poland; this leads to World War II
AD1940 British scientists develop radar
AD1940 France surrenders to Germany
AD1941 Jet aircraft developed in England and Germany
AD1943 German Sixth Army fails to capture Stalingrad (present-day Volgograd) in Soviet Union, and surrenders
AD1944 Allies invade France and begin to reconquer Europe
ONE WORLD
AD1948 - 49 The Berlin airlift
AD1949 Britain recognizes the independence of Ireland
AD1951 Sir Winston Churchill forms his first peacetime government in England
AD1953 Death of Stalin in Russia; Nikita Khrushchev takes power
AD1953 DNA discovered
AD1955 The Warsaw Pact is signed
AD1956 Soviet troops invade Hungary and quash revolt
AD1957 Russians launch Sputniks; Laika, a small dog, becomes the first living creature in space
AD1957 The Treaty of Rome ushers in the EEC
AD1958 Charles de Gaulle brings strong presidential rule to France
AD1961 Russian Yuri Gagarin becomes first human in space
AD1961 Berlin Wall built to stop East Germans fleeing to the West
Female oral contraceptive pill comes onto the market
AD1964 Leonid Brezhnev takes over from Khrushchev as ruler in Russia
AD1968 Paris erupts into student riots followed by general strike
AD1968 Czechoslovakia tries to initiate internal reforms; Soviet troops enter Prague and end "Prague Spring"
AD1972 "Bloody Sunday" in Londonderry, Northern Ireland; troops fire on civil rights marchers
AD1972 Munich Olympics; Israeli athletes killed by Arab "Black September" organization
AD1976 Helsinki convention on human rights adopted
AD1977 240 Czech intellectuals sign Charter 77 stating that democratic freedoms are still denied
AD1979 Britain elects first female prime minister, Margaret Thatcher
AD1980 Independent trade union, Solidarity, formed in Poland
AD1985 Mikhail Gorbachev elected Soviet Communist party leader; introduces reforms
AD1986 Nuclear power disaster at Chernobyl in Ukraine
AD1989 Berlin Wall dismantled
AD1990 East and West Germany are unified as one nation
AD1990 Solidarity's Lech Walesa is elected president of Poland
AD1991 Break-up of the Soviet Union, resignation of Gorbachev; Yeltsin takes power in Russia
AD1992 Yugoslavia breaks up and erupts into bloody civil war

"#Top" History of the America's:

AD 1 El Mirador in northern Guatemala, perhaps the greatest early Maya city, is at its height
c. 1 The growing city of Teotihuacan in the Valley of Mexico has a population of more than 40,000 people
c. 50 Nazca culture flourishes in coastal Peru; the Nazca create vast, enigmatic lines and patterns in the desert
AD 100
c. 100 The Moche civilization on the Peruvian coast begins; it flourishes at Sipan
c. 100 Hopewell culture flourishes on upper Mississippi
c. 100 Mogollon culture develops in southwestern United States; interesting painted pottery is produced
c. 100-200 Monte Alban centre in Oaxaca, Mexico, at greatest extent of its power
AD 200
c. 200-375 First period of major construction at city of Tiahuanaco, near Lake Titicaca in Bolivia
c. 250 In Guatemala, Honduras, and eastern Mexico, classic period of Maya civilization begins
AD 300
c. 375-600 City of Tiahuanaco continues to develop; eventually, 50,000 people live there
c. 378 Rivalry between leading Maya cities Tikal and Uaxact™n ends in invasion and capture of Uaxact™n by Tikal, which goes on to great prosperity
AD 400
RELIGIOUS WORLDS
c. 400 Zapotec state with its capital at Monte Alban flourishes in southern Mexico
AD 500
c. 500 Thule people move into Alaska
c. 500 Hopewell culture in northern America builds elaborate burial mounds, makes pottery, and uses iron weapons
AD 600
c. 600 Tiahuanaco civilization begins in Bolivia
c. 600 Height of Maya civilization
c. 600 Rise of Huari in Peru
c. 650 Hopewell people established along the upper Mississippi river
c. 650 Teotihuacan in Mexico thrives as an important trade centre
AD 700
c. 700 Rise of Mississippi culture in the Mississippi river basin; flat-topped mounds built as temple bases
c. 700-900 In eastern Arizona, Pueblo people live in houses above ground for the first time
c. 750-800 Collapse of Teotihuacan civilization in Mexico
AD 800
NEW NATIONS
c. 800 Hohokam people expand settlements and enlarge houses
c. 850 Maya civilization in the southern lowlands of Mexico collapses; many cities are abandoned
c. 890 Huari empire begins to collapse in Peru
AD 900
c. 900-c. 1100 Maya power in northern Mexico begins to fade
c. 900-c. 1100 Pueblo settlements in North America; inhabitants build circular rooms with wall benches
c. 900-c. 1150 Hohokam culture flourishes in Arizona and New Mexico, North America
c. 900 Toltecs build capital at Tula, Mexico
919-1130 Pueblo peoples live at Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico
990s Toltec people take over Chichen Itza
AD 1000
MONKS AND INVADERS
c. 1000 Farmers in Peru grow sweet potatoes and corn
c. 1000 Leif Ericson reaches North America
AD 1100
c. 1100 Height of Chimu civilization at Chan Chan, on the northwest coast of Peru
c. 1100 Anasazi people in North America build cliff dwellings at Mesa Verde, Chaco Canyon, and the Canyon de Chelly
1100s Rise of Incas in Peru; they were farmers led by warrior chiefs
1100-1200 Hohokam people of Arizona, North America, begin to build platform mounds
c. 1150 End of Hopewell culture in North America
1170s Mexican Toltecs' capital at Tula overthrown by fierce Chichimec nomads by the northern desert
c. 1180 Toltecs driven out of Chichen Itza
c. 1190 End of first period in which flat-topped mounds were built as bases for temples in the Mississippi river area
AD 1200
CONQUEST AND PLAGUE
c. 1200 Cahokia in North America, city of temple mounds, at its height
c. 1200 Incas in Peru centred around growing settlement of Cuzco
c. 1200-50 Complexes of apartment blocks and circular kivas built at Cliff Canyon and Fewkes Canyon, Colorado
c. 1250s Chimu people expand their empire along northern coast of Peru
c. 1250s Maya revival; following collapse of ChichÈn Itz·, a new capital is built at Mayapan
AD 1300
c. 1300 Incas begin to expand their empire throughout the central Andes
c. 1325 Aztecs found city of Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) on an island in Lake Texcoco
c. 1370 Acampitchtli chosen king of Aztecs
c. 1390s Viracocha becomes eighth Inca ruler; an Inca myth tells how he travelled to the Pacific and never returned
AD 1400
THE EXPANSION OF KNOWLEDGE
c. 1400 Pueblo people abandon northern sites and gather in large towns
1400s Expansion of Aztec empire in Mexico
1400s Inca empire enters period of expansion
1426-40 Aztecs at Tenochtitlan form „Triple Alliance¾ with neighbouring cities of Texcoco and Tlacopan; emperor Itzcoatl reorganizes state to concentrate power in his hands
c. 1438 Inca emperor Viracocha dies; his successor Pachacuti expands Inca empire north to Ecuador
1440s Incas build great fortress at Cuzco
1440-68 Reign of Aztec emperor Moctezuma I; he and his warriors conquer large areas of eastern Mexico, taking many people prisoner
c. 1450 Inca city of Machu Picchu built on high ridge above Urubamba river in Peru
1455 Huge temple built to Aztec war god Huitzilopochtli in Tenochtitlan
1470s Collapse of Chimu culture in northern Peru
1471-93 Emperor Topa Inca expands Inca empire into Bolivia, Chile, and Argentina
1473 Tenochtitlan absorbs neighbouring Aztec city, Tlatelolco
1486-1502 Rule of Aztec emperor Ahuitzotl; Aztec empire at height of power in Mexico
AD 1500
THE GREAT RULERS
1500s French exploration in Canada begins
1502-04 Columbus's fourth voyage; he reaches Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, and Colombia
1513 Vasco N™'ez de Balboa, Spanish explorer, first sights the Pacific Ocean
1519-21 Hernando Cort's, Spanish soldier-explorer, brings down the Aztec empire in Mexico
1532-33 Francisco Pizarro, Spanish soldier, invades and destroys Inca empire in Peru
1534 French explorer, Jacques Cartier, makes first expedition to settle in Canada
1540s Spanish arrive in California
1576 Martin Frobisher, English explorer, sets out to find a northwest passage to China; he reaches the Canadian coast, and Frobisher Bay is named after him
1584 Sir Walter Raleigh sends an exploring party to Virginia in North America, followed a year later by a colonizing expedition, which fails
AD 1600
COMMERCE AND COLONIES
1607 Jamestown Colony, first permanent English settlement in North America, founded in Virginia
1608 Quebec in Canada founded by French settlers
1610 Hudson Bay explored by Henry Hudson
1620 Pilgrim Fathers sail to America in the Mayflower
1625 French settlements in the Caribbean (St Christopher) begin
1626 Dutch found New Amsterdam in North America
1629 Massachusetts founded
1638 First printing press reaches America
1642 Montreal, Canada, founded
1646 The Bahamas colonized by the English
1655 English capture Jamaica from the Spanish
1664 English capture New Amsterdam from the Dutch; it is renamed New York
1679 Father Hennepin reaches Niagara Falls in Canada
1681 Territory granted in North America to English Quaker William Penn; known as Pennsylvania
1681-82 Frenchman La Salle explores Mississippi river from source to mouth, and founds Louisiana
AD 1700
THE AGE OF ENQUIRY
1700s European settlers exploit the Caribbean
1700s North American colonies begin to prosper
1701 City of Detroit founded in North America by Antoine de Cadillac to control passage between Lakes Erie and Huron
1711 Tuscarora War between settlers and Native Americans in North Carolina
1715 Yamasee nation attacks South Carolina colony, killing hundreds of English settlers
1716 French build fortress, one of the strongest in North America, at Louisbourg in Canada
1717 Spain establishes Viceroyalty of New Granada in South America
1718 City of New Orleans is founded on Mississippi river
1718 Death of William Penn, the Quaker founder of the state of Pennsylvania
1718-20 Dispute between French and Spanish over territory of Texas; Texas becomes Spanish possession
1726 Spanish found city of Montevideo in Uruguay to stop further Portuguese colonization southwards from Brazil
1727 Coffee first planted in Brazil, by Europeans
1727 First discovery of diamonds in Brazil in Minas Gerais area where gold is already mined
1730s Vitus Bering, Danish explorer employed by Russia, reaches strait between Asia and North America named after him
1735 Libel trial of John Peter Zeuger in New York helps establish freedom of the press in North America
1736 Natural rubber discovered in the humid rain forests of Peru
1736 Academic schools of S'o Paulo and S'o Jos' founded in Brazil by Portuguese Jesuits
1739 Outbreak of War of Jerkins' Ear; Spain and Britain fight for control of North American and Caribbean waters
1739 South Carolina is shaken by slave revolts
1740s Population of the 13 colonies reaches 1.5 million, including 250,000 slaves; Boston and Philadelphia largest cities
1742 Juan Santos takes name Atahualpa II and leads Native Americans of Peru in unsuccessful revolt against Spanish
1745 British force including New England settlers capture French fortress of Louisbourg in Canada
1753 French occupy Ohio valley in North America
1754-63 Anglo-French war in North America
1759 General James Wolfe defeats French at the Battle of Quebec
1759 Jesuits expelled from Brazil by Portuguese authorities
1760 All Canada passes into British hands
1762 British expedition against Cuba seizes Havana from Spain
1763 Rio de Janeiro becomes capital of Brazil
1763 Pontiac Conspiracy: Native Americans rise against British in North America
1765 Stamp Act imposed on British colonies in Americas
1773 Boston Tea Party: colonists in North America rebel against British taxes
1775 American Revolution breaks out in skirmish at Lexington
1776 US Declaration of Independence (4 July)
1776 Spanish create Viceroyalty of La Plata in South America
1777 Treaty of San Idelfonso defines Spanish and Portuguese possessions in Brazil
1780-82 Revolt of Tupac Amaru, Inca descendant, in Peru
1781 British Lord Cornwallis surrenders at Yorktown, ending American Revolution
1783 US independence recognized at Treaty of Paris
1787 US Constitution drawn up
1789 Conspiracy of Tiradentes in Brazil; revolt in Minas Gerais gold mines
1789-97 George Washington is first president of the United States
1790s Revolt in Haiti against French rule, led by Toussaint L'Ouverture, who for a time runs the country
1791 Canada Act divides Canada into Upper and Lower Canada
1793 Trinidad captured from Spanish in Caribbean
AD 1800
INDEPENDENCE AND INDUSTRY
1801 Thomas Jefferson becomes third US president
1803 Louisiana Purchase; United States buys vast tracts of land in Midwest from France
1804-06 Lewis and Clark's expedition beyond Mississippi
1807 Portugal's John VI flees to Brazil; his son Pedro declares it independent under him in 1822
1808-09 Rebellions against Spain begin in South America
1810 Hidalgo begins revolts against Spanish rule in Mexico
1812-14 United States in war with Britain; White House burnt
1816 BolÌvar defeats Spanish in Venezuela; independence confirmed in 1821
1820 The US Missouri Compromise ensures a balance between free and slave states
1821 San Martin wins independence for Peru
1825 BolÌvar founds new state of Bolivia
1828 Uruguay becomes independent
1836 Texas wins independence from Mexico; siege of the Alamo
1838 Trail of Tears; in the United States, thousands of eastern Native Americans are forced to move west, many dying on the way
1840 Upper and Lower Canada are united in self-governing union
1846-48 US war against Mexico; California and New Mexico ceded to United States
1848 Meeting in Seneca Falls, New York, calls for equal rights for American women
1849 California gold Rush
c. 1850 Jeans invented in California, United States
1850 US Congress compromises over expansion of slavery; fails to resolve tension between states
1850-89 Remarkable national progress in Brazil under Pedro II
1856 Anti-slavery Republican party formed in United States
1858-61 Reformer Benito Juarez is Mexican president
1859 John Brown's attempt to start slave revolt alarms whites in southern United States
1861-65 Civil War in United States; attempt by southern states to secede is defeated
1862 US land given to European immigrants to farm
1862-90 Last wars against Native Americans in western United States
1863-67 French invade Mexico and set up Austrian archduke Maximilian as emperor of Mexico
1865 Thirteenth Amendment to US Constitution outlaws slavery
1865-70 Paraguay attacks neighbouring countries and is almost annihilated
1866-77 Northern US Republicans force through radical reconstruction of southern states
1867 Britain makes Canada a dominion
1870-88 Antonio Guzman rules Venezuela; major reforms
1876 In United States, Alexander Bell invents telephone
1877 US inventor Thomas Edison invents the record-player
1876-1911 Rule of President Diaz of Mexico: period of great expansion
1879-84 The War of the Pacific between Chile, Peru, and Bolivia
1883 Edison invents the light bulb
1885 Canadian Pacific railway opens
1886 American Federation of Labor established
1888 Slaves freed in Brazil
1889 First Pan-American Conference held at Washington
1889 Pedro II deposed by army revolt; Brazil becomes a republic
1891 Civil war in Chile
1898 Spanish-American War; Spain gives Cuba independence, United States takes Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines as colonies
AD 1900
THE WORLD GOES TO WAR
1901-09 Theodore Roosevelt is US president; he works to reform business, railways, child labour, and to conserve natural resources
1903 Panama secedes from Colombia with US backing
1903 Boundary dispute over Alaska between Canada and United States settled
1904 Final settlement between Bolivia and Chile after the War of the Pacific
1904-09 Presidency of Ismael Montes in Bolivia; period of social and political reforms
1905 Provinces of Alberta and Saskatchewan formed in Canada
1906 Alaska elects a delegate to US Congress
1906 Cuba occupied by US forces following a liberal revolt
1907 Run on American banks checked by J P Morgan
1908 Henry Ford produces first Model T car
1911 President Diaz of Mexico overthrown
1912 Alaska granted territorial status in United States
1912 Arizona and New Mexico become US states
1912 Secret ballot and universal suffrage introduced in Argentina
1913-21 Woodrow Wilson is president of United States
1914 Panama Canal opened
1914 Completion of Grand Trunk Pacific Railway in Canada
1916-22 Hipolito Irigoyen elected president of Argentina: extensive reforms
1917 Mexico adopts a new constitution
1917 Brazil declares war on Germany
1917 United States declares war on Germany
1918 Venezuela oilfields opened
1918 US President Wilson puts forward the Fourteen Points for settling World War I
1919-20 US Congress refuses to recognize League of Nations
1919-30 Great material progress in Peru during presidency of Augusto LeguÌa
1920-33 Prohibition against sale of alcohol in United States
1921-25 Progressive government of President Juan Bautista Saavedra in Bolivia
1922 First portable radio and first car radio made in United States
1926 Panama and United States agree to protect Panama canal in wartime
1929 US Wall Street Stock Exchange crashes; Great Depression follows
1930 Getulio Vargas becomes Brazilian president, and assumes dictatorial powers in 1937
1932 Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt becomes US president
1932-35 Chaco war between Bolivia and Paraguay
1933 Peruvian president Sanchez Cherro assassinated by an „aprista¾
1933 US „New Deal¾ laws, such as National Industry Recovery Act, promote economic recovery
1935 US Social Security Act - first step in creation of welfare state
1937 US National Labour Relations Act
1938 Mexico takes over US and British oil companies in Mexico
1941 US Congress passes Lend-Lease Act; billions of dollars' worth of military hardware loaned to Allies
1944 First free presidential elections in Guatemala
1945 US scientists build first atomic bomb
1947 In Truman Doctrine US government promises aid to any government resisting Communism
1948-51 Under Marshall Plan, United States dispenses aid to Europe to help post-war recovery
1949 United States and West European nations set up North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) for collective security
1950s Black Americans intensify campaign for civil rights
1955 Army officers seize power from Argentinian president Peron
1962 Cuban missile crisis
1963 US president John F Kennedy assassinated
1963 Thousands march on Washington DC to press for civil rights for black Americans
1964 Military leaders seize power in Brazil
1964 US Civil Rights Act bans racial discrimination in federal funding and employment
1968 Major protests in United States against Vietnam war
1969 US astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin land on the moon
1970-74 Micro-computers developed in United States
1972 US Congress passes Equal Opportunity Act in response to growing women's movement
1973 Elected Chilean president Allende killed in a military coup led by General Pinochet
1973 United States launches space station Skylab 4
1974 US president Nixon resigns after Watergate scandal
1978 Camp David summit between Egypt and Israel hosted by the United States
1979 Sandinistas seize power in Nicaragua
1980-82 Civil war in El Salvador
1982 Falklands War between Argentina and Britain
1982 Mexico fails to repay foreign loans, provoking international financial crisis
1989 US soldiers invade Panama and depose ruler, General Noriega
1990 Sandinistas defeated in Nicaraguan elections
1993 Palestinian leader Arafat and Israeli prime minister Rabin sign peace agreement in United States
1994 Sports legend, O J Simpson tried for murder. He is acquitted in 1995
 

"#Top" History of Asia:

AD 9-23 Rule of Wang Mang as emperor of China
25 Eastern Han dynasty begins its rule over China
c. 33 Jesus Christ, Jewish religious leader, crucified
c. 50 Buddhism reaches China
AD 100
c. 105 Paper invented in China, perhaps by Cai Lun
c. 120 In China Zhang Heng introduces the seismograph
c. 120-62 Kushan King Kanishka rules large areas of northern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and central Asia
184-205 In China, rebellion by members of Yellow Turban sect greatly weakens Han dynasty
c. 190 Rise of Hindu Chola kingdom near Tanjore, southern India
AD 200
220 End of Han dynasty in china, followed by Three Kingdoms and Jin dynasty
c. 224 End of Parthian power in Persian empire: beginning of Sassanid dynasty under Ardashir I (224-41)
260 Shapur I of Persia defeats Roman emperor Valerian in battle; Valerian captured
AD 300
c. 320 Rise of Gupta empire in Ganges Valley, India
360 Embassy from King Meghavarna of Sri Lanka reaches Gupta court; religious monument for Sri Lankan visitors is built
376 Beginning of reign of Chandragupta II; golden Gupta age
386 Beginning of era of north-south division in China (to 589)
399 Chinese Buddhist historian, Fa-hien, begins his journey through India
AD 400
RELIGIOUS WORLDS
c. 400 Gupta empire grows until it stretches across the whole width of India
489 Large Buddhist temples built in China; Buddhists also use cave temples
AD 500
c. 500 Indian mathematicians introduce the zero (0)
c. 500-15 The Huns, a nomadic central Asian people, destroy the powerful Gupta empire of India
c. 538 Buddhism reaches Japan, and slowly spreads throughout the country
570 Mohammed, the Prophet of Islam, is born in Mecca
580s Wen di, the first Sui emperor, reunites divided Chinese empire
595 Indian mathematicians use decimal system
AD 600
c. 605-10 Chinese build Grand Canal to link Yangtze with Chang¹an
618 Tang dynasty begins in China
626 Tang court adopts Buddhism
632 Death of Mohammed
634 Beginning of the Arab empire
645-784 Japanese court imitates Chinese form of government
646-700 Political and social reforms (Taika) take place in Japan
c. 650 Revelations of Mohammed are written; they become the Koran
661-750 The Muslim Omayyads rule in Damascus, Syria
AD 700
710-84 Nara, south of present-day Kyoto, is capital of Japan
711 Omayyads conquer Sind and found first Muslim state in India
751 Arabs win Battle of River Talas, central Asia; Islam comes to China
762 Abbasid dynasty ruling Iraq makes Baghdad its capital
786-809 Reign of Harun-al-Rashid, greatest Abbasid ruler
794 Heian-kyo (Kyoto) becomes capital of Japan
794-1185 Heian period in Japan; more independence from China
AD 800
NEW NATIONS
802 King Jayavarman II of Khmer people of Cambodia founds Angkorian dynasty which becomes centre of Khmer life
813-33 Rule of Abbasid caliph al-Mamun; he sets up a House of Wisdom in Baghdad that becomes the most important school in the Arab world
820s Persian mathematician Musa al-Chwarazmi develops system of algebra
845 Buddhism banned in China
AD 850
850s Arabs perfect astrolabe
858 Beginning of Fujiwara clan¹s control of Japanese emperors
866 Fujiwara Yoshifusa (804-72) becomes regent over child emperor Seiwa
868 The Diamond Sutra, the oldest printed book still in existence, is produced by wood block printing in China
886-1267 Chola dynasty rules much of south India from capital at Tanjore
887 Fujiwara Mototsune (836-91) becomes chief advisor to the Japanese emperor
889 Khmers start to build capital city at Angkor, Cambodia
AD 900
906-07 Collapse of Tang dynasty in China after many years of war; for the next 50 years, China is divided into many warring states
907-26 Khitan Mongols under Ye-lu a-pao-chi conquer inner Mongolia and several districts of northern China
935 Koryo state founded in western central Korea
941 Fujiwara Tadahira becomes civil dictator in Japan
950
960 Song dynasty reunifies China
962 Alptigin, Turkish warrior slave, seizes Afghan fortress of Ghazni and founds Ghaznavid dynasty
970 Paper money introduced by Chinese government
983 1,000 chapter encyclopaedia, Taiping Yulan, produced in China
985 Chola king Rajaraja I (985-1014) conquers Kerala in south India, and Sri Lanka in 1001
997-1030 Mohammed of Ghazni rules Afghan empire; he invades India 17 times
AD 1000
MONKS AND INVADERS
c. 1000 Chinese perfect gunpowder and begin to use it in warfare
c. 1008-20 Japanese court lady Murasaki Shikibu writes the famous novel, Tale of Genji
1014 Rajendra I becomes ruler of the Cholas, who dominate much of India
1044 Anawrata takes power in Burma; he builds a large empire, strengthens his army, and founds a dynasty of able rulers
AD 1050
1065 Muslim Seljuk Turks invade Asia Minor
1071 Seljuks defeat Byzantine army at Battle of Manzikert; they capture Jerusalem in 1076
c. 1090 Mechanical clock, driven by water, built in Kaifeng (China¹s capital city)
1096 Christian rulers from Europe go on First Crusade to retake Palestine from Seljuks
1099 Crusaders capture Jerusalem, in Palestine
AD 1100
1113-50 Reign of Suryavarman II of Cambodia; he starts building temple complex of Angkor Wat
c. 1120 Chinese play with painted playing cards
1147-49 Christian armies of Second Crusade defeated by Turks in Asia Minor and abandon siege of Damascus
1150
c. 1163 Birth of Genghis Khan, creator of Mongol empire
1173-93 Saladin overcomes Palestine and Syria, taking Damascus
1180s Decline of Chola kingdom
1186-87 Last Ghaznavid ruler deposed by Mohammed of Ghur, Muslim founder of an empire in North India
1187 Saladin defeats Christians at Hattin and takes Jerusalem
1192 Truce between Christian Richard I of England and Muslim Saladin ends Third Crusade
1192 In Japan, Minamoto Yoritomo becomes shogun after long civil war ends with his victory
AD 1200
CONQUEST AND PLAGUE
c. 1203 Hojo family rules Japan after Minamoto Yoritomo¹s death
1206 Former Turkestan slave Aibak founds new sultanate of Delhi in north India
1206 Mongol empire founded by Genghis Khan
1229 Christians regain Jerusalem, but lose it in 1244
AD 1250
1256 Hulagu, grandson of Genghis Khan, founds Mongol kingdom of Persia
1260 Khubilai, grandson of Genghis, becomes Great Khan
1260 Battle of Ain Jalut - Mongols, under Hulagu, halted by Mamluks in Palestine
1271 Venetian explorer Marco Polo sets out for China
1281 Mongols driven away from Japan by kamikaze, the divine wind
AD 1300
c. 1300 Osman I founds Ottoman dynasty in Turkey
1321 Tughluq dynasty founded in Delhi
1335-38 Ashikaga Takauji, Japanese general, rebels against emperor and becomes first of the Ashikaga shoguns
1336 Hindu empire of Vijayanagar in India founded by Harihara I becomes centre of resistance to Islam
AD 1350
1350 Last Hindu Javanese kingdom of Majapahit begins to spread in southeast Asia
1368 Mongols driven out of China; Zhu Yuanzhang founds Ming dynasty
c. 1390 Ottoman Turks complete conquest of Asia Minor
1398 Tamerlane sacks Delhi
AD 1400
THE EXPANSION OF KNOWLEDGE
1402 Tamerlane, Mongol conqueror from central Asia, defeats Ottomans at battle of Ankyra in Turkey
c. 1403-09 Encyclopaedia of over 20,000 chapters, the Yongle dadian, compiled in China
1405-33 Chinese Muslim, Zheng He, makes seven voyages westwards to collect tribute for Ming emperors
1411-42 Reign of Indian sultan Ahmad Shah of Gujarat, who builds splendid capital city of Ahmadabad
1419-50 Korea prospers under King Sejong; he introduces official Korean script
1420-21 Chinese Ming capital moves from Nanjing to Beijing
AD 1425
1430s Collapse of Khmer empire in southeast Asia; Angkor Wat abandoned after being sacked by Thai army in 1431
1431-33 Zheng He makes his seventh and final voyage; he sails as far as the east coast of Africa
1448-88 Thailand expands under King Trailok; he brings about major administrative and legal reforms
1449-74 Rule of shogun Ashikaga Yoshimasa in Japan
AD 1450
c. 1460 Imperial porcelain works at Jingdezhen in China successfully import Ming pottery abroad
1463-79 War between Ottoman Turks and Venetians; Turks eventually triumphant
1467-77 Onin War in Japan, a civil war beginning as a conflict over shogunal succession, ends Ashikaga shogunate¹s authority
1483 Ashikaga Yoshimasa completes building of the Silver Pavilion Temple, or Ginkakuji, at Kyoto in Japan
1488 First major Ikko-ikki, or Uprising of Ikko Buddhists, in Japan
1488 Ming emperors order rebuilding of Great Wall to defend China from northern invaders
1492 Sikander Lodi, sultan of Delhi (1489-1517), annexes Bihar and moves his capital to Agra to facilitate conquest of Rajasthan
AD 1500
THE GREAT RULERS
1501-24 Reign of Ismail, first Safavid shah of Persia
1520-66 Reign of Sulayman the Magnificent; Ottoman empire at its peak
1526 Babur (descendant of Mongol ruler Genghis Khan and of Tamerlane), first Moghul emperor, invades India
1546 Tabinshwehti conquers Pegu from the Mons and assumes title of king of all Burma
1549-51 Mission of Jesuit St. Francis Xavier to Japan
1551 Bayinnaung inherits the Burmese throne and overruns Thailand
1556-1605 Reign of Moghul emperor Akbar in India
1568-c. 1600 Period of national unification in Japan begins when feudal lord, Oda Nobunaga, captures capital, Kyoto
1573-1620 Reign of emperor Wan Li in China: period of great paintings and porcelain-making; imperial kilns at Jingde zhen produce vast quantities of china
1587-1629 Reign of Shah Abbas I (the Great) of Persia; he consolidates and expands territories
1592-98 Korea succeeds in beating of Japanese invasions
c. 1590-1605 Burma breaks up into small states
AD 1600
COMMERCE AND COLONIES
c. 1600 Abbas I (reigns from 1587 to 1629) introduces reforms in Persia and expands territory
1600 Battle of Sekigahara, Japan; Tokugawa Ieyasu defeats rivals; takes power and the Tokugawa or Edo period begins
1600-14 English, Dutch, Danish, and French East India Companies founded
1607 Confucianism begins to be main force in Tokugawa politics and society
1612-39 Japanese persecute Christians
1619-24 Dutch establish virtual monopoly of spice trade in Moluccas and other Indonesian islands
1620s Beginning of Japanese national policy of restriction of contact with the outside world
1627 Manchus overrun Korea, which later becomes vassal state
c. 1628 Kingdom of Burma breaks up into small states
1632-48 Shah Jahan builds Taj Mahal at Agra in India
1641 Dutch capture Malacca on the Malay peninsula
1644 Quing (Manchu) dynasty takes over in China
1657 Tokugawa Mitsukuni begins compilation of History of Japan
1658-1707 Emperor Aurangzeb is the last great Moghul emperor; after 1707 empire begins to break up
1661-1722 Reign of the Kangxi emperor in China; Chinese territory extended and books and scholarship developed
1664 Dutch force king of Thailand to give them monopoly of deerskin exports and seaborne trade with China
1683 Formosa (Taiwan) becomes Chinese territory
1690 English East India Company official Job Charnock founds the city of Calcutta, on a swamp by the Hooghly river in Bengal, northeastern India
AD 1700
THE AGE OF ENQUIRY
1703 In Japan, 47 ronin commit suicide
1707 Death of Moghul emperor Aurangzeb followed by break-up of empire
1709 Ghilzai people under Mir Vais defeat Persian army; Afghanistan no longer obedient province of Persian empire
1709 Death of shogun Tsunayoshi of Japan
1716-45 Reforming shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune rules Japan
1716 Manchu emperor Kangxi sends troops to expel Junkar people from Tibet; in 1720 Kangxi enthrones seventh Dalai Lama as tributary ruler of Tibet
1722 Death of Kangxi, enlightened Manchu emperor
1722-35 Rule of Manchu emperor Yongzheng; Treaty of Kiakhta signed with Russia; Siberian-Mongolian border defined
1724 Asaf Jah, a minister of the Moghul emperor, retires to the Deccan; he becomes an independent ruler and is declared first Nizam of Hyderabad
1725 Gujin tushu jicheng, the largest encyclopaedia ever printed, in 10,000 chapters, commissioned by Qing emperor Yongzheng
1729 Yongzheng sets up Grand Council, an informal and flexible body of military advisers
1735 Nadir Shah, chief adviser and general to last Safavid ruler in Persia, defeats Turks in great battle at Baghavand and captures Tiflis
1736-47 Nadir Shah reigns as shah of Persia
1736-96 Rule of Qianlong, as Qing emperor; boundaries of empire reach farthest limits; population increases greatly; frequent rebellions crushed ruthlessly
1739 Nadir Shah invades India and sacks Delhi, taking away Peacock Throne of the Moghul emperors, and vast wealth
1740s Power of Hindu Marathas of central India expands into northern India
THE AGE OF REVOLUTION
1750 Chinese capture Lhasa and take over state of Tibet
1750-79 Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747-73), who united Afghanistan, invades India, takes Lahore; plunders Delhi in 1755
1753 Alaungaya reunites Burma; founds last Burmese dynasty, the Kombaung (to 1885)
1756 ³Black Hole² of Calcutta
1757 Robert Clive defeats Siraj ud daula, Nawab of Bengal, at Battle of Plassey
1758 Aoki Konyo, Japanese scholar who introduced the sweet potato into Japan, completes Dutch/Japanese dictionary
1761 Battle of Panipat between the Marathas and Ahmad Shah Durrani of Afghanistan; great Afghan victory
1762 British fleet captures Manila in Philippine Islands from Spain
1763 Britain becomes dominant power in India as a result of the Treaty of Paris
1767 Burmese invade Thailand, destroying its capital, Ayudhya, and forcing Thais to accept Burmese overlordship, but have to withdraw to repulse Chinese invasion of Burma
1774-85 Warren Hastings is governor-general of British India
1777 Christianity introduced to Korea by Chinese Jesuits
1782-1809 Rama I reigns in Thailand; founds Chakri dynasty
1783-88 Severe famine in Japan
1784 United States begins to trade with China
1792 Chinese army marches into neighbouring Nepal
1792 Sheikh Mohammed Ibn Abdul Wahhab, founder of Saudi Arabia, dies
1794 Aga Mohammed founds Kajar dynasty and unites all Persia
1796 Emperor Qianlong of China relinquishes power, but still directs government (to 1799)
1799 Ranjit Singh founds Sikh kingdom in Punjab, India
AD 1800
INDEPENDENCE AND INDUSTRY
1802-20 Emperor Gia-Long unites Vietnam
1803-05 Second Maratha War disrupts central India
1804 Russian envoy visits Nagasaki in Japan and tries to get commercial treaty, but fails
1811-18 Mohammed Ali overruns much of Arabian peninsula; ends first Saudi empire
1815 Java restored to Dutch by British
1817-19 Last Maratha War; Maratha defeat; British rule India except Punjab, Sind, Kashmir
1819 Singapore founded by Stamford Raffles
1820 Peace treaty ends piracy and leads to 150 years of British supremacy in the Persian Gulf
1820-41 Minh Mang, emperor of Vietnam, reverses Gia-Long¹s policies and expels Christians
c. 1820s Development of North Pacific whaling industry; Japanese authorities clash with ships¹ crews
1824-26 First Burmese War with Britain
1825-28 Persian-Russian War; Russia captures Tabriz
1825-30 Javanese revolt against Dutch
1828 Indian Hindu Raja Ram Mohan Roy founds reforming Hindu society, Brahmo Samaj
1829 Practice of suttee (widow burning) made illegal in India
1831 Mohammed Ali of Egypt seizes Syria; he rules it until 1840
1835-63 Dost Mohammed rules in Afghanistan
1837-53 Shogunate of Tokugawa Ieyoshi in Japan
1838 Nakayama Miki founds faith-healing Tenri sect in Japan
1839 Ottoman sultan Abdul Majid starts the ³Tanzimat², a programme of modernisation
1839-42 First Afghan War with British; a British army annihilated
1839-42 Opium War in China
1844 Cambodia becomes a Thai protectorate
1845-49 Sikh Wars with Britain; Britain annexes Punjab
1848 Accession of Nasir ud-din, ablest of the Kajar dynasty of Persia
THE RISE OF NATIONALISM
1850-64 Taiping rebellion in China; Nanking falls, 1853
1851-68 King Rama IV rules Thailand; opens the country to foreign trade
1852 Nasir-ud-Din (1848-96) takes personal power in Persia; major reforms of administration by Vizier Mirza Taki
1853-78 Able king Mindon Min reigns in Burma
1854 Treaty of Kanagawa; United States and Japan agree their first modern trade treaty
1857-58 Indian Mutiny shakes British rule in India; East India Company abolished in 1858
1860 In China, British and French forces loot and burn down the emperor¹s summer palace on the outskirts of Beijing
1862 French begin to occupy Indo-China (southeast Asia)
1865-70 King Kojong persecutes Christians in Korea; reform of traditional institutions
1868-1910 Reign of Rama V, founder of modern Thailand
1868-1912 Meiji period in Japan: great leap forwards in industrialization; 1868, capital moves to Edo (renamed Tokyo), shogunate abolished; 1875-88, civil legal code drawn up
1872 First Japanese railway opens (Tokyo to Yokohama)
1876 Queen Victoria of Britain is proclaimed empress of India
1876 Japanese pressure forces Korea to open ports to trade
1876-78 Famine in the Deccan, southern India; over five million die
1877 Satsuma rebellion in Japan; last stand of traditional samurai class is defeated
1878-79 Second Afghan War: British invade Afghanistan to counter Russian influence
1884 Dowager Empress Cixi sacks grand council of China
1885 Foundation of Indian National Congress; campaign for home rule
1885-86 Third Burmese War; Britain annexes Burma
1889 New Meiji constitution for Japan; first general election in 1890`
1894-95 War between Japan and China; Japanese win, occupy Korea
1896 British persuade Malay states to form federation
1898 In China Dowager Empress Cixi crushes attempts at reform
1899 France proclaims protectorate in Laos, southeast Asia
AD 1900
THE WORLD GOES TO WAR
1900 Boxer rebellion in China
1900 Russia annexes Manchuria
1902 Anglo-Japanese Alliance agreed
1902 Series of commercial treaties between China and Britain, United States, and Japan
1902 Ibn Saud captures Riyadh, beginning the creation of Saudi Arabia
1903 British viceroy of India (Lord Curzon) sends an expedition into Tibet
1905 Japan presses Korea to sign a treaty whereby Japan ³protects² Korea
1905 Japanese navy fights and defeats Russian fleet in Tsushima strait
1907 Emperor Kojong of Korea abdicates; he is succeeded by his son Sujong
1908 Death of Chinese empress dowager Cixi and of the Guangxu emperor
1911-12 Chinese rebellion against Manchus; republic is established, Sun Yat-sen first president, but warlords gain power
1912-26 Taisho period in Japan
1912 Japan constructs its first dreadnought battleship
1913 China recognizes Outer Mongolia as independent
1913 Indian poet, Rabindranath Tagore, awarded Nobel Prize for Literature
1916 Beginning of Arab revolt against Ottoman Turks in Hijaz
1916 Hussein proclaims himself King of the Arabs
1917 Balfour Declaration promises homeland for Jews in Palestine
1917 British troops capture Baghdad and Jerusalem
1917-25 Sun Yat-sen struggles for leadership of Chinese republic
1918 Emir Faisal proclaims Syrian state; becomes king in 1920
PEACE AND WAR
1919 British troops massacre over 300 Indian civilians at Amritsar
1920 Palestine becomes British mandate
1920 Indian leader Gandhi launches peaceful non-cooperation movement against British rule
1923 Mustafa Kemal becomes president of new republic, Turkey
1924 Chinese nationalist party, Kuomintang, holds first national congress
1927 Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek establishes government at Nanking; Communists challenge his rule
1928 Japanese troops murder military ruler of Manchuria
1930 First Round Table Conference between British government and Indian parties
1931 Japanese occupy Chinese province of Manchuria
1932 Absolute rule of Thai king ends; he agrees to new constitution
1934 Communists go on Long March through China, led by Mao Zedong and Zhu De
1934 Opening of British oil pipeline from Kirkuk (Iraq) to Tripoli (Syria)
1935 Government of India Act passed; provinces of British India granted autonomy and self-government from 1937
1936 General strike in Syria; French grant Syria home rule
1937-38 Conflict between Jews and Arabs in Palestine
1937-45 Undeclared war breaks out between China and Japan
1941-42 Japanese overrun much of southeast Asia
1945 World Zionist Conference calls for Jewish state in Palestine
1945 United States drops atomic bombs on Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
ONE WORLD
1947 India gains independence
1947 Japan¹s new democratic constitution comes into effect
1948 Israeli independence leads to the first Arab-Israeli war
1949 Mao Zedong proclaims People¹s Republic of China
1950-53 Korean War
1951 United States and 48 other countries sign peace treaty with Japan in San Francisco
1953 Mao Zedong introduces first five-year plan in China
1954 Vietminh defeat French troops at Dien Bien Phu
c. 1955 Start of period of fast economic growth in Japan
1961 Troops from Saudi Arabia and other Arab states take over defence of Kuwait from British in face of Iraqi threat
1964 Tokyo Olympic Games; first Olympic Games in Asia
1964 Arab leaders set up Palestine Liberation Organization to unite Palestinian refugees
1965-73 Vietnam War
1966 Indira Gandhi becomes prime minister of India
1967 Six Day War between Israel and neighbouring Arab states
1970 Communist Khmer Rouge forces take over Cambodia
1971 After a brief Indo-Pakistani war, East Pakistan declared independent as Bangladesh
1973 Yom Kippur War between Arabs and Israelis begins
1973 Cut in Arab oil production and increased prices cause oil crisis in United States and Europe
1976 Zhou Enlai and Mao Zedong die; fall of ³Gang of Four²
1978 Vietnam invades Cambodia and forces out Khmer Rouge
1979 Ayatollah Khomeini adopts Islamic constitution for Iran
1980 Iran-Iraq War breaks out
AD 1982
1982 Israeli forces invade Lebanon
1984 Indian prime minister Indira Gandhi assassinated by Sikhs
1988 Ceasefire in Iran-Iraq War
1989 Mass demonstrations for democracy in Tian¹anmen Square, Beijing, China, end in massacre
1989 Vietnamese troops withdraw from Cambodia
1990 Iraq invades Kuwait; United States and allies send forces to the Gulf region; Gulf War begins
1991 Allied forces liberate Kuwait
1995 Itzhak Rabin, prime minister of Israel, assassinated
 

"#Top" History of Africa:

AD17 - 24 Revolt of Tacfarinas, Numidian leader, against Roman government in North Africa
40 Mauretania (now northern Morocco and northwestern Algeria) annexed by Rome
61 - 63 Roman force explores up the Nile Valley into Sudan
AD 100
c. 100 Aksum becomes capital of major state in Eritrea, northern Ethiopia
115 Revolt of Jewish community in Cyrenaica (northeastern Libya) against Roman administration
193 - 211 Libyan Septimius Severus is emperor of Rome
AD 200
c. 200 Roman emperor Septimius Severus strengthens frontier defences in North Africa with chain of forts and long ditches
238 Revolt in Africa against Roman rule begins half-century of unrest
295 - 300 Emperor Diocletian reorganizes local government in North Africa
AD 300
c. 300 - 400 Bantu cereal cultivators in southeast Africa begin to herd cattle
c. 330 - 40 Beginning of conversion of kingdom of Aksum in Ethiopia-Eritrea to Christianity, by Bishop Frumentius
c. 350 End of Kushite civilization at Meroe; it is possibly brought down by invasion from kingdom of Aksum
c. 397 Berber prince Gildo begins a major rebellion against Roman emperor Honorius
AD 400
RELIGIOUS WORLDS
c. 400 Use of iron spreads through eastern Africa
400s Christianity in the Aksum empire in northeastern Africa becomes more widespread
AD 500
c. 500 The Ghanaian empire becomes the most important power in West Africa
525 King Kaleb of Aksum conquers Yemen in southern Arabia; he builds many churches
c. 550 - 600 Nubians in Sudan, northeastern Africa, become Christian
AD 600
640 - 41 Caliph Omar, a successor to Mohammed as Islamic leader, conquers Egypt
c. 640 - 711 Arabs, carrying the Muslim faith, expand across northern Africa
642 Arabs erect first mosque in al-Fustat, new capital of Muslim Egypt
652 Christian Nubians and Arabs in Egypt agree that Aswan on Nile should mark southern limit of Arab expansion
697 - 98 Arabs destroy Byzantine city at Carthage in North Africa; new city of Tunis built nearby
AD 700
c. 788 Idris, Arab chief, becomes ruler in Morocco
AD 800
NEW NATIONS
800 - 909 Aghlabid dynasty rules in Tunis on the coast of North Africa; the rulers set up a colony in Sicily (827 - 902) and invade southern Italy
c. 800 - c. 950 Christian empire in Ethiopia continues after the decline of Aksum
800s Arabs and Persians explore East African coast and set up trading stations at Malindi, Mombasa, Kilwa, and Mogadishu
868 Ahmad ibn-Tulun, Egyptian noble of Turkish descent, breaks away from Abbasid caliphate and sets up Tulunid dynasty in Egypt
AD 900
c. 900 Kasar Hausa (Hausaland), a fertile region on the lower Niger river in West Africa, prospers due to increasing trade and industry
c. 950 - 1050 Igbo-Ukwu culture thrives in eastern Nigeria
969 Fatimid dynasty expands from Tunis and conquers Egypt from Tulunid dynasty; Fatimids build Cairo which becomes Egyptian capital
970s Fatimids built al-Azhar University in Cairo, one of the world's first universities; it still exists today
AD 1000
MONKS AND INVADERS
1000s Bantu-speaking peoples set up kingdoms in southern Africa
1000s Kingdoms of Takrur and Gao flourish in West Africa due to gold trade
1021 - 35 Reign of Fatimid caliph al-Zahir marks start of decline of Fatimid power
c. 1050s Culture of Yoruba people of Ife flourishes in Nigeria in West Africa; it survives until
1050s - 1146 Almoravids, Berber Muslims from western Sahara, take over Morocco, Algeria, and part of Muslim Spain; they invade Ghana in 1076, and establish power there
1062 Almoravids found capital at Marrakech
AD 1100
c. 1100 Ghana empire in West Africa declines
c. 1100 Katanga in Zaire central Africa probably founded
1147 Almohads, Berber Muslims opposed to Almoravids, seize Marrakech and go on to conquer Almoravid Spain, Algeria, and Tripoli
1150s Zagwe dynasty rules in Ethiopian highlands
1171 Saladin, Muslim warrior and commander in Egyptian army, overthrows Fatimid dynasty
1173 Saladin declares himself sultan of Egypt
AD 1200
CONQUEST AND PLAGUE
C. 1200 - 30 King Lalibela of Ethiopia responsible for churches cut from rock
1218 Ayyubid empire breaks up but Ayyubids rule Egypt to 1250
c. 1220 City state of Kilwa in Tanzania increases in prosperity
c. 1230 Hafsid monarchy takes over from Almohads in Tunisia and acquires much trade across the Sahara desert
c. 1235 Great warrior leader Sun Diata founds Mali empire in West Africa; it expands under his rule
c. 1250 Kanem kingdom in Lake Chad region begins to break up into rival factions
1250 Last Ayyubid ruler in Egypt murdered; Mamluks, soldiers from central Asia employed by Ayyubids, seize power and found military state
1260 - 77 Mamluk commander Baybars takes over as sultan of Egypt
AD 1300
1300 Ife culture of West Africa produces famous brasses
1324 Emperor of Mali, Mansa Musa, goes on a pilgrimage to Mecca, Arabia
1348 Egypt devastated by plague, called Black Death
1352 - 53 Ibn Battuta, Berber scholar, travels across Africa and writes an account of all he sees
c. 1380s Foundation of Kongo kingdom in Congo river-mouth region of Zaire, central Africa
AD 1400
THE EXPANSION OF KNOWLEDGE
c. 1400 Kingdom of Great Zimbabwe in southern Africa thrives on gold trade
1400s Gold from mines in Zimbabwe is exported to Asia via Sofala on the east coast
c. 1400 Engaruka community farms land in Tanzania
c. 1420 Portuguese sailors begin to explore west coast of Africa
1420s Songhai people in Gao region, West Africa, begin raids on Mali empire
c. 1430 Sultans of Kilwa on east African coast begin grand building programme
1434 - 68 Reign of Christian emperor Zera Yacub in Ethiopia; he expands church and promotes great monasteries
c. 1450 Building at Great Zimbabwe, southern Africa, at its height
1462 Sonni Ali becomes ruler of the Songhai and goes on to build an empire
1482 Portuguese explore Congo river estuary
1491 Ruler of Congo kingdom baptized as Christian by Portuguese
AD 1500
THE GREAT RULERS
1500s Songhai empire in West Africa enters period of greatest expansion and power under Askia Mohammed Turré
1500s Trade encourages growth of Hausa states in West Africa
1505-07 Portuguese capture Sofala on east coast and found Mozambique; they begin to trade with Africans
1507 Nzinga Mbemba, Christian and Portuguese ally, becomes king of Kongo kingdom in central Africa
1517 Ottomans defeat Mamluks and conquer Egypt
1529 Muslims defeat Christian Ethiopian forces at the Battle of Shimbra Kure and overrun the kingdom until 1543, when Portuguese troops help to defeat them
c. 1530 Beginning of trans-Atlantic slave trade organized by Portuguese
1560s First Portuguese embassies in Timbuktu, West Africa
1562 Sir John Hawkins starts English slave trade, taking cargoes of slaves from West Africa to the Americas
c. 1570 - c. 1610 Kanem-Bornu kingdom in western Central Africa at its most powerful; alliance with the Ottomans brings it firearms, military training, and Arab camel troops
c. 1575 Portuguese begin to colonize Angola; more than a century of warfare follows
1590-91 Songhai empire overthrown by Moroccan army
c. 1598 First Dutch trade posts set up on Guinea coast, West Africa
AD 1600
COMMERCE AND COLONIES
1600s Kalonga kingdom, north of Zambezi river, becomes rich through ivory trade
1600s Hausaland dominates trade routes to Sahara
1600s Great Zimbabwe replaced by several regional capitals in Transvaal, Botswana, and Zimbabwe
1620s Queen Nzinga of Ndongo fights Portuguese in Angola
1650s Portuguese clash with Muslims in Zambezi region
c. 1650 Ethiopia expels Portuguese missionaries and diplomats
1652 Dutch found Cape Town in South Africa
1660s Mawlay-al-Rashid restores sultanate of Morocco
1670s French settle in Senegal
1670s Fulani pastoralist people gain control of Bondu in southern Senegal
1680s Rise of Asante kingdom in West Africa
1680s Butua kingdom flourishes in Zimbabwe plains; Portuguese are driven into Zambezi valley, and also eastwards
1686 Louis XIV of France officially annexes Madagascar
1698 Portuguese expelled from Mombasa on eastern coast
AD 1700
THE AGE OF ENQUIRY
1701 Osei Tutu creates free Asante nation in West Africa
c. 1705 Bey (army commander) Husain ibn Ali founds dynasty at Tunis in North Africa
c. 1705 Kongo prophetess, Dona Beatrice, founds new religious cult and helps to end civil war
1710 Dey (military leader) becomes pasha in Algiers, controlling northern Algeria
1714 France captures the island of Mauritius, in the Indian Ocean
1720s Yoruba state of Oyo still dominates region west of the Niger river in West Africa
1722 -23 Asante conquer kingdom of Bono-Mansu north of the forest area of Akan region of West Africa
1724-34 King Agaja of Dahomey in West Africa temporarily disrupts slave trade; it is reintroduced in the 1740s
c. 1725 Fulani Muslim cleric Alfa Ibrahim appointed ³Commander of the Faithful² in Futa Jalon in West Africa
1727 Death of Mulai Ismail followed by 30 years of anarchy in Morocco
1740s The Lunda create prosperous new kingdom
1746 Mazrui dynasty in Mombasa, East Africa, becomes independent from Oman
1755 The first outbreak of smallpox, brought by sailors, in Cape Town, South Africa, spreads rapidly inland; it kills many Khoisan hunters and herders
1764-77 Reign of Osei Kwadwo, Asante ruler, in West Africa
1768-73 Scottish explorer James Bruce travels in Ethiopia
1768 Ali Bey, a Mamluk army officer, makes himself ruler of Egypt
1770s Tukolor kingdom gains power in former Songhai region of West Africa
1773 Ali Bey dies a week after being wounded in a battle with rebels led by Abu'l-Dhahab
1777 Sidi Mohammed, ruler of Morocco (1757-90), abolishes Christian slavery
1779 Dutch farmers in Cape Colony clash with organized Xhosa resistance
1781 Militant Tijaniyya Islamic order set up in Algeria
1785 Omani rulers reassert influence in Zanzibar
1787 Tuaregs, nomads in Sahara, abolish Moroccan pashalik of Timbuktu
c. 1788 Usuman dan Fodio, a Fulani cleric, stirs holy war against a Hausa king
1788 African Association founded in England to explore interior of Africa
1795 British seize Cape Colony from Dutch for the first time
1795-96 Scottish explorer Mungo Park travels through Gambia and reaches Niger
AD 1800
INDEPENDENCE AND INDUSTRY
1804 Fulani begin jihad (holy war) in northern Nigeria
1805-06 Mungo Park explores Niger river, West Africa
1805-48 Mohammed Ali rules Egypt; Egypt breaks away from Ottoman empire
1807 Asante invade Fante confederacy of states
1808 Fulani invade Bornu near Lake Chad
1814 Cape Colony in south Africa formally ceded to Britain by Netherlands
c. 1816-28 Career of Zulu ruler Shaka in South Africa
c. 1820 Fulani emirate founded in Adamawa, West Africa
1820-64 Fulani in Mali, West Africa, found and rule Hamdallahi caliphate
1822 Liberia founded in West Africa as home for freed slaves
1825 Egyptians found the city of Khartoum in Sudan
1828 Basel mission to Ghana (then called Gold Coast), West Africa
1828 Shaka, Zulu ruler, assassinated by his half-brother Dingane who takes over as ruler of Zulu nation
1830 French invade Algeria; they gradually occupy the country
1832-47 Abd-al-Kadir leads Arab resistance to France in Algeria
1836-37 The Great Trek of Boers (Dutch farmers) away from British in South Africa; they fond the Republic of Natal in 1838 and the Orange Free State in 1854
1840 Imam Sayyid Said, ruler of Oman (1806-56), makes Zanzibar, a small island off the east African coast, his capital
1843 Britain takes over Natal from the Boers as a British colony
1852 Tukolor leader al-Hajj 'Umar launches jihad along Senegal and upper Niger rivers to establish Islamic state
1852 In South Africa, Britain recognizes Transvaal's independence
1853-56 Dr David Livingstone crosses Africa; follows course of Zambezi river, reaches Victoria Falls
1855-68 Reign of Emperor Theodore of Ethiopia
1863 Al-Hajj 'Umar takes Timbuktu
1865-68 Wars between Orange Free State and Moshweshwe's Basuto people, in South Africa
1867 Diamonds discovered at Kimberley at South Africa
1869 Suez Canal opened
1872 Cape Colony in South Africa granted self-government by Britain
1873-74 War between Asante kingdom and Britain
1874 Beginnings of Mande state in old Mali under Samori Turé
1879 Zulu war with British; British defeated at Isandlwana but victorious at Ulundi
c. 1880 Beginning of the European ³Scramble for Africa²
1880-81 First Boer War, Transvaal defeats Britain
1885 Conference in Berlin on Scramble for Africa
1885 in Sudan, Muslim leader, the Mahdi, takes Khartoum from Egypt; General Gordon killed
1886 Gold found in Transvaal
1894 French set up protectorate in Dahomey (Benin), West Africa
1895-96 Jameson Raid into Transvaal
1896 France takes Madagascar
1896 Ethiopian ruler Menelik crushes Italian army at Adowa
1897 Slavery banned in Zanzibar
1899-1902 Second Boer War in South Africa
AD 1900
THE WORLD GOES TO WAR
1900 Buganda, East Africa, is ruled by the kabaka, or king, with British advice
1900-01 Rising in Asante, West Africa; Britain annexes Asante
1902 Treaty of Verceniging ends second Boer War in South Africa; defeated Boers remain bitter and determined to regain power
1903 Sokoto caliphate in Hausaland taken over by Britain
1904 French create federation of French West Africa
1905 Kaiser William II of Germany visits Tangier and provokes crisis with France
1905 Maji-Maji rebellion begins in Tanzania (German East Africa)
1906 Tripartite pact (Britain, France, Italy)seeks to preserve integrity of Ethiopia
1907 Government of Mozambique organized
1908 Belgium takes over Congo Free State
1909 Franco-German agreement reached on Morocco
1909 Liberia calls on United States for financial assistance
1910 Union of South Africa
1912 New loans to Liberia coupled with US control over customs revenue
1912 French make Morocco a protectorate at Treaty of Fez
1913 South African government introduces laws to reserve 87 per cent of land for whites
1914 Britain and France occupy German colonies in West Africa
1916 Boer leader Jan Smuts leads an anti-German drive from Kenya into Tanzania (German East Africa)
1916 British and Belgian troops take Yaounde, the capital of the German Cameroons
1917 Ras Tafari (later, Haile Selassie) becomes regent of Ethiopia
1917 German forces in German East Africa withstand British and Portuguese at Mahiwa; Germans withdraw into Mozambique
1919 ANC demonstrates against pass laws in Transvaal
1920s More British and Indians settle Kenya
1921-26 Abd-el-Krim leads Berbers and Arabs against Europeans in North Africa
1922 Egypt becomes independent from Britain under King Fuad
1923 Ethiopia admitted to League of Nations
1930 White women given the vote in South Africa
1930 Ras Tafari crowned emperor of Ethiopia, and takes name Haile Selassie
1931 First trans-African railway completed, from Angola to Mozambique
1934-36 British colonial government of Ghana suppresses radical African critics
1936 Representation of Natives Act denies black South Africans any chance of political equality
1935-36 Italians under Mussolini invade and annex Ethiopia
1939 South Africa declares war on Germany at start of World War II
1941 German army under Rommel attacks British in North Africa
1941 Ethiopia liberated from Italians by Ethiopians and British, and recognized as independent
1942 British defeat German army at Battle of El Alamein in Egypt
1943 Germans and Italians driven from North Africa
1948 Afrikaner National Party wins power in South Africa
1951 Libya gains independence
1952-59 Mau-Mau guerrilla war against British in Kenya
1954-62 War for independence in Algeria; freedom won in 1962
1954-70 Colonel Nasser rules Egypt; revolutionary changes
1956 Suez crisis; Britain and France attempt to regain control of Suez canal from Egypt, but fail
1956 Morocco, Tunisia, and Sudan gain their independence
1957 Ghana is first country in sub-Saharan Africa to become independent
1958-60 Independence for Zaire, Nigeria, Somalia, and 12 of France's 13 sub-Saharan colonies
1960s Civil war in south Sudan
1960-65 Civil war in Zaire, formerly Belgian Congo
1961-67 Independence for Tanzania, Uganda, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Burundi, Malawi, Zambia, Lesotho, Botswana, Gambia, and Swaziland
1963 Organization of African Unity founded
1965 White regime in Zimbabwe declares independence
1967-70 Biafran War, Nigeria
1970s Severe droughts in northeastern Africa and the lands on the southern edge of the Sahara
1974 Nigeria becomes leading oil producer in Africa
1974-91 Revolutionary regime in Ethiopia; civil war spreads
1974-75 Portuguese colonies gain independence after long struggle
1976 African schoolchildren spark uprisings in Soweto in South Africa
1980 Zimbabwe gains independence after guerrilla war
1983- Conflict in Sudan; more than 1.5 million people die
1983- African countries adopt IMF (International Monetary Fund) plans for managing their economies
1989- Zambia and other countries see changes of government by democratic election
1990 Namibia gets independence
1990 Nelson Mandela freed in South Africa; process of dismantling apartheid begins
1993 Eritrea (in north Ethiopia) breaks from Ethiopia; first successful secession in post-colonial Africa
1994 African National Congress (ANC) wins first multi-racial election ever held in South Africa

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